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Getting Started

What is Calc?
About This Manual
Notations Used in This Manual
A Demonstration of Calc
Using Calc
- Starting Calc
  The Standard Calc Interface
  Quick Mode (Overview)
  Keypad Mode (Overview)
  Standalone Operation
  Embedded Mode (Overview)
  Other C-x * Commands
History and Acknowledgments

Tutorial

Basic Tutorial
- RPN Calculations and the Stack
  Algebraic-Style Calculations
  Undo and Redo
  Mode-Setting Commands
Arithmetic Tutorial
Vector/Matrix Tutorial
- Vector Analysis
  Matrices
  Vectors as Lists
Types Tutorial
Algebra and Calculus Tutorial
- Basic Algebra
  Rewrite Rules
Programming Tutorial
Answers to Exercises
- RPN Tutorial Exercise 1
  RPN Tutorial Exercise 2
  RPN Tutorial Exercise 3
  RPN Tutorial Exercise 4
  Algebraic Entry Tutorial Exercise 1
  Algebraic Entry Tutorial Exercise 2
  Algebraic Entry Tutorial Exercise 3
  Modes Tutorial Exercise 1
  Modes Tutorial Exercise 2
  Modes Tutorial Exercise 3
  Modes Tutorial Exercise 4
  Arithmetic Tutorial Exercise 1
  Arithmetic Tutorial Exercise 2
  Vector Tutorial Exercise 1
  Vector Tutorial Exercise 2
  Matrix Tutorial Exercise 1
  Matrix Tutorial Exercise 2
  Matrix Tutorial Exercise 3
  List Tutorial Exercise 1
  List Tutorial Exercise 2
  List Tutorial Exercise 3
  List Tutorial Exercise 4
  List Tutorial Exercise 5
  List Tutorial Exercise 6
  List Tutorial Exercise 7
  List Tutorial Exercise 8
  List Tutorial Exercise 9
  List Tutorial Exercise 10
  List Tutorial Exercise 11
  List Tutorial Exercise 12
  List Tutorial Exercise 13
  List Tutorial Exercise 14
  Types Tutorial Exercise 1
  Types Tutorial Exercise 2
  Types Tutorial Exercise 3
  Types Tutorial Exercise 4
  Types Tutorial Exercise 5
  Types Tutorial Exercise 6
  Types Tutorial Exercise 7
  Types Tutorial Exercise 8
  Types Tutorial Exercise 9
  Types Tutorial Exercise 10
  Types Tutorial Exercise 11
  Types Tutorial Exercise 12
  Types Tutorial Exercise 13
  Types Tutorial Exercise 14
  Types Tutorial Exercise 15
  Algebra Tutorial Exercise 1
  Algebra Tutorial Exercise 2
  Algebra Tutorial Exercise 3
  Algebra Tutorial Exercise 4
  Rewrites Tutorial Exercise 1
  Rewrites Tutorial Exercise 2
  Rewrites Tutorial Exercise 3
  Rewrites Tutorial Exercise 4
  Rewrites Tutorial Exercise 5
  Rewrites Tutorial Exercise 6
  Programming Tutorial Exercise 1
  Programming Tutorial Exercise 2
  Programming Tutorial Exercise 3
  Programming Tutorial Exercise 4
  Programming Tutorial Exercise 5
  Programming Tutorial Exercise 6
  Programming Tutorial Exercise 7
  Programming Tutorial Exercise 8
  Programming Tutorial Exercise 9
  Programming Tutorial Exercise 10
  Programming Tutorial Exercise 11
  Programming Tutorial Exercise 12

Introduction

Basic Commands
Help Commands
Stack Basics
Numeric Entry
Algebraic Entry
“Quick Calculator” Mode
Numeric Prefix Arguments
Undoing Mistakes
Error Messages
Multiple Calculators
Troubleshooting Commands
- Autoloading Problems
  Recursion Depth
  Caches
  Debugging Calc

Data Types

Integers
Fractions
Floats
Complex Numbers
Infinities
Vectors and Matrices
Strings
HMS Forms
Date Forms
Modulo Forms
Error Forms
Interval Forms
Incomplete Objects
Variables
Formulas

Stack and Trail Commands

Stack Manipulation Commands
Editing Stack Entries
Trail Commands
Keep Arguments

Mode Settings

General Mode Commands
Precision
Inverse and Hyperbolic Flags
Calculation Modes
- Angular Modes
  Polar Mode
  Fraction Mode
  Infinite Mode
  Symbolic Mode
  Matrix and Scalar Modes
  Automatic Recomputation
  Working Messages
Simplification Modes
Declarations
- Declaration Basics
  Kinds of Declarations
  Functions for Declarations
Display Modes
- Radix Modes
  Grouping Digits
  Float Formats
  Complex Formats
  Fraction Formats
  HMS Formats
  Date Formats
  - ISO 8601
    Date Formatting Codes
    Free-Form Dates
    Standard Date Formats
  Truncating the Stack
  Justification
  Labels
Language Modes
- Normal Language Modes
  C, FORTRAN, and Pascal Modes
  TeX and LaTeX Language Modes
  Eqn Language Mode
  Yacas Language Mode
  Maxima Language Mode
  Giac Language Mode
  Mathematica Language Mode
  Maple Language Mode
  Compositions
  - Composition Basics
    Horizontal Compositions
    Vertical Compositions
    Other Compositions
    Information about Compositions
    User-Defined Compositions
  Syntax Tables
  - Syntax Table Basics
    Precedence
    Advanced Syntax Patterns
    Conditional Syntax Rules
The Modes Variable
The Calc Mode Line

Arithmetic Functions

Basic Arithmetic
Integer Truncation
Complex Number Functions
Conversions
Date Arithmetic
- Date Conversions
  Date Functions
  Business Days
  Time Zones
Financial Functions
- Percentages
  Future Value
  Present Value
  Related Financial Functions
  Depreciation Functions
  Definitions
Binary Number Functions

Scientific Functions

Logarithmic Functions
Trigonometric/Hyperbolic Functions
Advanced Mathematical Functions
Branch Cuts and Principal Values
Random Numbers
- Random Number Generator
Combinatorial Functions
Probability Distribution Functions

Vector/Matrix Functions

Packing and Unpacking
Building Vectors
Extracting Vector Elements
Manipulating Vectors
Vector and Matrix Arithmetic
Set Operations using Vectors
Statistical Operations on Vectors
- Single-Variable Statistics
  Paired-Sample Statistics
Reducing and Mapping Vectors
- Specifying Operators
  Mapping
  Reducing
  Nesting and Fixed Points
  Generalized Products
Vector and Matrix Display Formats

Algebra

Selecting Sub-Formulas
- Making Selections
  Changing Selections
  Displaying Selections
  Operating on Selections
  Rearranging Formulas using Selections
Algebraic Manipulation
Simplifying Formulas
- Basic Simplifications
  Algebraic Simplifications
  “Unsafe” Simplifications
  Simplification of Units
Polynomials
Calculus
- Differentiation
  Integration
  Customizing the Integrator
  Numerical Integration
  Taylor Series
Solving Equations
- Multiple Solutions
  Solving Systems of Equations
  Decomposing Polynomials
Numerical Solutions
- Root Finding
  Minimization
  Systems of Equations
Curve Fitting
- Linear Fits
  Polynomial and Multilinear Fits
  Error Estimates for Fits
  Standard Nonlinear Models
  Curve Fitting Details
  Polynomial Interpolation
Summations
Logical Operations
Rewrite Rules
- Entering Rewrite Rules
  Basic Rewrite Rules
  Conditional Rewrite Rules
  Algebraic Properties of Rewrite Rules
  Other Features of Rewrite Rules
  Composing Patterns in Rewrite Rules
  Nested Formulas with Rewrite Rules
  Multi-Phase Rewrite Rules
  Selections with Rewrite Rules
  Matching Commands
  Automatic Rewrites
  Debugging Rewrites
  Examples of Rewrite Rules

Operating on Units

Basic Operations on Units
The Units Table
Predefined Units
User-Defined Units
Logarithmic Units
Musical Notes

Storing and Recalling

Storing Variables
Recalling Variables
Other Operations on Variables
The Let Command
The Evaluates-To Operator

Graphics

Basic Graphics
Three-Dimensional Graphics
Managing Curves
Graphics Options
Graphical Devices

Kill and Yank Functions

Killing from the Stack
Yanking into the Stack
Saving into Registers
Inserting from Registers
Grabbing from Other Buffers
Yanking into Other Buffers
X Cut and Paste

Keypad Mode

Main Menu
Functions Menu
Binary Menu
Vectors Menu
Modes Menu

Embedded Mode

Basic Embedded Mode
More About Embedded Mode
Assignments in Embedded Mode
Mode Settings in Embedded Mode
Customizing Embedded Mode

Programming

Creating User Keys
Programming with Keyboard Macros
- Naming Keyboard Macros
  Conditionals in Keyboard Macros
  Loops in Keyboard Macros
  Local Values in Macros
  Queries in Keyboard Macros
Invocation Macros
Programming with Formulas
Programming Calc, with Lisp
- Defining New Functions
  Defining New Simple Commands
  Defining New Stack-Based Commands
  Argument Qualifiers
  Example Definitions
  - Bit-Counting
    The Sine Function
  Calling Calc from Your Lisp Programs
  - Additional Arguments to calc-eval
    Error Handling
    Numbers Only
    Default Modes
    Raw Numbers
    Predicates
    Variable Values
    Stack Access
    Keyboard Macros
    Lisp Evaluation
    Example
  Calculator Internals
  - Data Type Formats
    Interactive Functions
    Stack-Oriented Functions
    Predicates
    Computational Functions
    Vector Functions
    Symbolic Functions
    I/O and Formatting Functions
    Hooks

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

GNU Free Documentation License

Customizing Calc

Reporting Bugs

Calc Summary

Index of Key Sequences

Index of Calculator Commands

Index of Algebraic Functions

Concept Index

Index of Variables

Index of Lisp Math Functions

On this page

Types Tutorial Exercise 13

Type ' 1 yr RET u c s RET. The answer is 31557600 seconds.

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Calculator Internals

Types Tutorial Exercise 13 ​

Types Tutorial Exercise 13