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Question 4.1 ​

When I enter a group, all read messages are gone. How to view them again?

Answer ​

If you enter the group by saying RET in group buffer with point over the group, only unread and ticked messages are loaded. Say C-u RET instead to load all available messages. If you want only the 300 newest say C-u 300 RET

Loading only unread messages can be annoying if you have threaded view enabled, say

emacs-lisp
(setq gnus-fetch-old-headers 'some)

in ~/.gnus.el to load enough old articles to prevent teared threads, replace ’some with t to load all articles (Warning: Both settings enlarge the amount of data which is fetched when you enter a group and slow down the process of entering a group).

You can say /o N in the summary buffer to load the last N messages.

If you don’t want all old messages, but the parent of the message you’re just reading, you can say ^, if you want to retrieve the whole thread the message you’re just reading belongs to, A T is your friend.